/* ============================================================================
   Material Design Navigation Bar Styles
   ============================================================================ */

/* Material Design Typography */
* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

body {
    font-family: 'Roboto', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    color: #212121;
    background-color: #fafafa;
    padding-top: 64px; /* Space for fixed navbar */
}

/* ============================================================================
   Navigation Bar Container
   ============================================================================ */

.md-navbar {
    position: fixed;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    width: 100%;
    background-color: #1976D2; /* Primary blue */
    color: #ffffff;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 
                0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14), 
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12); /* Material Design elevation shadow */
    z-index: 1000;
    transition: box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.md-navbar-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 0 16px;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    height: 64px; /* Material Design standard navbar height */
}

/* ============================================================================
   Logo and Brand
   ============================================================================ */

.md-navbar-brand {
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
}

.md-navbar-logo-link {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: #ffffff;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    transition: opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.md-navbar-logo-link:hover {
    opacity: 0.87;
}

.md-navbar-logo-text {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Desktop Navigation Links
   ============================================================================ */

.md-navbar-nav {
    display: flex;
    list-style: none;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 4px;
    flex: 1 1 auto;
    justify-content: flex-end;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

.md-nav-item {
    position: relative;
}

.md-nav-link {
    display: block;
    padding: 12px 16px;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.87);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.1px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    border-radius: 4px;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    position: relative;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.md-nav-link:hover {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    color: #ffffff;
}

.md-nav-link.active {
    color: #ffffff;
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
}

.md-nav-link.active::after {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 16px;
    right: 16px;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 2px 2px 0 0;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Mobile Hamburger Menu Button
   ============================================================================ */

.md-navbar-toggle {
    display: none;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: space-around;
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    background: transparent;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    padding: 8px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    z-index: 1001;
}

.md-navbar-toggle:hover {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
}

.md-navbar-toggle:focus {
    outline: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

.md-navbar-toggle-icon {
    width: 24px;
    height: 2px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 2px;
    transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    transform-origin: center;
}

/* Hamburger animation when active */
.md-navbar-toggle.active .md-navbar-toggle-icon:nth-child(1) {
    transform: translateY(8px) rotate(45deg);
}

.md-navbar-toggle.active .md-navbar-toggle-icon:nth-child(2) {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: scaleX(0);
}

.md-navbar-toggle.active .md-navbar-toggle-icon:nth-child(3) {
    transform: translateY(-8px) rotate(-45deg);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Mobile Navigation Menu
   ============================================================================ */

.md-navbar-mobile {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    top: 64px;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    width: 100%;
    background-color: #1976D2;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14);
    max-height: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: max-height 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.md-navbar-mobile.active {
    max-height: 600px; /* Adjust based on content */
    overflow-y: auto;
}

.md-navbar-nav-mobile {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 8px 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.md-nav-item-mobile {
    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
}

.md-nav-item-mobile:last-child {
    border-bottom: none;
}

.md-nav-link-mobile {
    display: block;
    padding: 16px 24px;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.87);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                padding-left 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.md-nav-link-mobile:hover,
.md-nav-link-mobile:focus {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
    color: #ffffff;
    padding-left: 32px;
}

.md-nav-link-mobile.active {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.12);
    color: #ffffff;
    font-weight: 500;
    border-left: 4px solid #ffffff;
    padding-left: 20px;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Responsive Design - Tablet and Mobile
   ============================================================================ */

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    /* Hide desktop navigation */
    .md-navbar-nav {
        display: none;
    }

    /* Show mobile toggle button */
    .md-navbar-toggle {
        display: flex;
    }

    /* Show mobile navigation */
    .md-navbar-mobile {
        display: block;
    }

    /* Adjust logo text size for mobile */
    .md-navbar-logo-text {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    /* Adjust container padding */
    .md-navbar-container {
        padding: 0 12px;
    }

    /* Adjust body padding for mobile */
    body {
        padding-top: 64px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    /* Further reduce logo text size on small screens */
    .md-navbar-logo-text {
        font-size: 16px;
        white-space: normal;
        line-height: 1.3;
    }

    /* Adjust navbar height if needed */
    .md-navbar-container {
        height: 64px;
        min-height: 64px;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Main Content Area
   ============================================================================ */

.md-main-content {
    min-height: calc(100vh - 64px);
    padding: 24px 16px;
}

.md-content-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 24px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
}

.md-content-container h1 {
    font-size: 32px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0;
    line-height: 1.2;
    margin-bottom: 16px;
    color: #212121;
}

.md-content-container p {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Material Design Elevation Shadows (for reference)
   ============================================================================ */

/* Elevation 2 (used in navbar) */
.elevation-2 {
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

/* Elevation 4 (for mobile menu) */
.elevation-4 {
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14),
                0 12px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Accessibility Improvements
   ============================================================================ */

/* Focus states for keyboard navigation */
.md-nav-link:focus,
.md-nav-link-mobile:focus {
    outline: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Reduced motion support */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    * {
        animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
        animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
        transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Announcement Carousel Styles
   ============================================================================ */

.announcement-carousel {
    width: 100%;
    height: 500px;
    position: relative;
    margin-top: 0; /* it was 64px */
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: #000000;
}

.carousel-container {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    position: relative;
}

.carousel-track {
    display: flex;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    transition: transform 0.6s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    will-change: transform;
}

.carousel-slide {
    min-width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    position: relative;
    flex-shrink: 0;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

.carousel-slide-link {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    cursor: pointer;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.carousel-slide-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    display: block;
    opacity: 0;
    transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out;
}

.carousel-slide-image.loaded {
    opacity: 1;
}

.carousel-slide-image.lazy {
    filter: blur(5px);
    transition: filter 0.3s;
}

.carousel-slide-image.lazy.loaded {
    filter: blur(0);
}

/* Navigation Arrows */
.carousel-arrow {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    transform: translateY(-50%);
    width: 48px;
    height: 48px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    z-index: 10;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                opacity 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    opacity: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
}

.carousel-arrow:hover {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(1.1);
}

.carousel-arrow:active {
    transform: translateY(-50%) scale(0.95);
}

.carousel-arrow:focus {
    outline: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

.carousel-arrow-prev {
    left: 16px;
}

.carousel-arrow-next {
    right: 16px;
}

.carousel-arrow svg {
    width: 24px;
    height: 24px;
    color: #1976D2;
    stroke: #1976D2;
    user-select: none;
    display: block;
}

/* Show arrows on hover (desktop) */
.announcement-carousel:hover .carousel-arrow {
    opacity: 1;
    pointer-events: auto;
}

/* Always show arrows on mobile */
@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .carousel-arrow {
        opacity: 1;
        pointer-events: auto;
        width: 56px;
        height: 56px;
        background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    }

    .carousel-arrow svg {
        width: 28px;
        height: 28px;
    }

    .carousel-arrow-prev {
        left: 8px;
    }

    .carousel-arrow-next {
        right: 8px;
    }

    .announcement-carousel {
        height: 300px;
    }
}

/* Dot Indicators */
.carousel-dots {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 16px;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    display: flex;
    gap: 8px;
    z-index: 10;
    padding: 8px;
    background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
    border-radius: 20px;
}

.carousel-dot {
    width: 12px;
    height: 12px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    border: 2px solid #ffffff;
    background-color: transparent;
    cursor: pointer;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
}

.carousel-dot:hover {
    transform: scale(1.2);
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5);
}

.carousel-dot.active {
    background-color: #ffffff;
    transform: scale(1.2);
}

.carousel-dot:focus {
    outline: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

/* Loading Indicator */
.carousel-loading {
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
    z-index: 5;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

.carousel-loading.hidden {
    display: none;
}

.carousel-loading-spinner {
    width: 48px;
    height: 48px;
    border: 4px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
    border-top-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 50%;
    animation: carousel-spin 1s linear infinite;
}

@keyframes carousel-spin {
    to {
        transform: rotate(360deg);
    }
}

/* Empty State */
.carousel-empty {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    height: 100%;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    font-size: 18px;
    text-align: center;
    padding: 24px;
}

/* Responsive adjustments */
@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .announcement-carousel {
        height: 300px;
    }

    .carousel-dots {
        bottom: 12px;
        gap: 6px;
    }

    .carousel-dot {
        width: 10px;
        height: 10px;
        border-width: 1.5px;
    }
}

/* Touch swipe indicator (optional visual feedback) */
.carousel-track.swiping {
    transition: none;
}

/* Accessibility: Hide carousel if no items */
.announcement-carousel:empty {
    display: none;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Institute Introduction Section
   ============================================================================ */

.institute-intro {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 80px 16px;
    background-color: #fafafa;
}

.institute-intro-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.institute-intro-card {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 40px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
                0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.institute-intro-card:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

.institute-intro-image {
    flex: 0 0 40%;
    width: 40%;
    height: 100%;
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: #e0e0e0;
}

.institute-intro-image img {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    display: block;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.institute-intro-card:hover .institute-intro-image img {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.institute-intro-content {
    flex: 1;
    padding: 48px 40px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 24px;
}

.institute-intro-heading {
    font-size: 32px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0;
    line-height: 1.2;
    color: #212121;
    margin: 0;
}

.institute-intro-text {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 16px;
}

.institute-intro-text p {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.75;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);
    margin: 0;
}

/* Material Design Raised Button */
.md-button {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    min-width: 64px;
    height: 36px;
    padding: 0 16px;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.75px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    text-decoration: none;
    border: none;
    border-radius: 4px;
    cursor: pointer;
    outline: none;
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    user-select: none;
}

.md-button-raised {
    background-color: #1976D2;
    color: #ffffff;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14);
}

.md-button-raised:hover {
    background-color: #1565C0;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14);
}

.md-button-raised:active {
    background-color: #0D47A1;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14);
}

.md-button-raised:focus {
    outline: 2px solid rgba(25, 118, 210, 0.5);
    outline-offset: 2px;
}

.institute-intro-button {
    align-self: flex-start;
    margin-top: 8px;
}

/* Ripple Effect */
.md-button {
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.md-button .ripple {
    position: absolute;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6);
    transform: scale(0);
    animation: ripple-animation 0.6s ease-out;
    pointer-events: none;
}

@keyframes ripple-animation {
    to {
        transform: scale(4);
        opacity: 0;
    }
}

/* Fallback CSS-only ripple for browsers without JS */
.md-button::before {
    content: '';
    position: absolute;
    top: 50%;
    left: 50%;
    width: 0;
    height: 0;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
    transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
    transition: width 0.6s, height 0.6s;
    pointer-events: none;
}

.md-button:active::before {
    width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
}

/* Responsive Design */
@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .institute-intro {
        padding: 40px 16px;
    }

    .institute-intro-card {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 0;
    }

    .institute-intro-image {
        flex: 0 0 auto;
        width: 100%;
        height: 300px;
    }

    .institute-intro-content {
        padding: 32px 24px;
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .institute-intro-heading {
        font-size: 28px;
    }

    .institute-intro-text p {
        font-size: 15px;
        line-height: 1.7;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .institute-intro {
        padding: 32px 12px;
    }

    .institute-intro-content {
        padding: 24px 20px;
        gap: 16px;
    }

    .institute-intro-heading {
        font-size: 24px;
    }

    .institute-intro-image {
        height: 250px;
    }

    .md-button {
        width: 100%;
        max-width: 200px;
    }
}

/* Spacing between sections */
.institute-intro + .directors-message {
    margin-top: 60px;
}

.institute-intro + .md-main-content {
    margin-top: 60px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .institute-intro + .directors-message {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }

    .institute-intro + .md-main-content {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Director's Message Section
   ============================================================================ */

.directors-message {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 80px 16px;
    background-color: #F5F5F5;
}

.directors-message-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.directors-message-heading {
    font-size: 32px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0;
    line-height: 1.2;
    color: #212121;
    margin: 0 0 48px 0;
    text-align: left;
}

.directors-message-content {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 48px;
}

.directors-message-text {
    flex: 0 0 60%;
    text-align: left;
}

.directors-message-subheading {
    font-size: 24px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: #1976D2;
    margin: 0 0 24px 0;
}

.directors-message-body {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 16px;
}

.directors-message-body p {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.75;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);
    margin: 0;
    text-align: left;
}

.directors-message-photo {
    flex: 0 0 40%;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: flex-start;
}

.directors-photo-wrapper {
    width: 300px;
    height: 300px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    border: 4px solid #ffffff;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15),
                0 4px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: #e0e0e0;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.directors-photo-wrapper:hover {
    transform: scale(1.02);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2),
                0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
}

.directors-photo {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    display: block;
}

/* Responsive Design */
@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .directors-message {
        padding: 40px 16px;
    }

    .directors-message-heading {
        font-size: 28px;
        margin-bottom: 32px;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .directors-message-content {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 32px;
        align-items: center;
    }

    .directors-message-text {
        flex: 0 0 auto;
        width: 100%;
        order: 2;
    }

    .directors-message-subheading {
        font-size: 22px;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .directors-message-body p {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .directors-message-photo {
        flex: 0 0 auto;
        width: 100%;
        order: 1;
    }

    .directors-photo-wrapper {
        width: 250px;
        height: 250px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .directors-message {
        padding: 32px 12px;
    }

    .directors-message-heading {
        font-size: 24px;
        margin-bottom: 24px;
    }

    .directors-message-content {
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .directors-message-subheading {
        font-size: 20px;
        margin-bottom: 20px;
    }

    .directors-message-body {
        gap: 14px;
    }

    .directors-message-body p {
        font-size: 15px;
        line-height: 1.7;
    }

    .directors-photo-wrapper {
        width: 200px;
        height: 200px;
        border-width: 3px;
    }
}

/* Spacing after director's message */
.directors-message + .recent-news {
    margin-top: 60px;
}

.directors-message + .md-main-content {
    margin-top: 60px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .directors-message + .recent-news {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }

    .directors-message + .md-main-content {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Recent News Section
   ============================================================================ */

.recent-news {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 80px 16px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
}

.recent-news-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.recent-news-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.recent-news-heading {
    font-size: 32px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0;
    line-height: 1.2;
    color: #212121;
    margin: 0;
}

.recent-news-view-all {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    color: #1976D2;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
}

.recent-news-view-all:hover {
    color: #1565C0;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.recent-news-view-all::after {
    content: '→';
    font-size: 18px;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.recent-news-view-all:hover::after {
    transform: translateX(4px);
}

.recent-news-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 32px;
}

.recent-news-error {
    text-align: center;
    padding: 40px 20px;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
    font-size: 16px;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Reusable Content Card Component
   ============================================================================ */

.content-card {
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    height: 100%;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.content-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.content-card-image-wrapper {
    position: relative;
    width: 100%;
    padding-top: 56.25%; /* 16:9 aspect ratio */
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: #e0e0e0;
}

.content-card-image {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.content-card:hover .content-card-image {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.content-card-badge {
    position: absolute;
    top: 12px;
    left: 12px;
    background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7);
    color: #ffffff;
    padding: 6px 12px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    font-size: 12px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    z-index: 1;
    backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
}

.content-card-body {
    padding: 20px;
    flex: 1;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
}

.content-card-title {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: #212121;
    margin: 0;
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
    min-height: 56px; /* 2 lines * 28px line-height */
}

.content-card-summary {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.25px;
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
    margin: 0;
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
    flex: 1;
    min-height: 67.2px; /* 3 lines * 22.4px line-height */
}

.content-card-link {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.75px;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: #1976D2;
    text-decoration: none;
    margin-top: auto;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    transition: color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    width: fit-content;
}

.content-card-link:hover {
    color: #1565C0;
}

.content-card-link::after {
    content: '→';
    font-size: 16px;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.content-card-link:hover::after {
    transform: translateX(4px);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Loading Skeleton Styles
   ============================================================================ */

.news-skeleton {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 32px;
    width: 100%;
}

.skeleton-card {
    animation: skeleton-pulse 1.5s ease-in-out infinite;
}

.skeleton-image {
    width: 100%;
    padding-top: 56.25%;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f0f0f0 25%, #e0e0e0 50%, #f0f0f0 75%);
    background-size: 200% 100%;
    animation: skeleton-shimmer 1.5s infinite;
    border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;
}

.skeleton-badge {
    position: absolute;
    top: 12px;
    left: 12px;
    width: 80px;
    height: 24px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f0f0f0 25%, #e0e0e0 50%, #f0f0f0 75%);
    background-size: 200% 100%;
    animation: skeleton-shimmer 1.5s infinite;
    border-radius: 4px;
}

.skeleton-line {
    height: 16px;
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f0f0f0 25%, #e0e0e0 50%, #f0f0f0 75%);
    background-size: 200% 100%;
    animation: skeleton-shimmer 1.5s infinite;
    border-radius: 4px;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.skeleton-title {
    width: 85%;
    height: 24px;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.skeleton-text {
    width: 100%;
}

.skeleton-text-short {
    width: 70%;
}

@keyframes skeleton-shimmer {
    0% {
        background-position: -200% 0;
    }
    100% {
        background-position: 200% 0;
    }
}

@keyframes skeleton-pulse {
    0%, 100% {
        opacity: 1;
    }
    50% {
        opacity: 0.7;
    }
}

/* Responsive Design for News Section */
@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
    .recent-news-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .news-skeleton {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
        gap: 24px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .recent-news {
        padding: 40px 16px;
    }

    .recent-news-header {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: 16px;
        margin-bottom: 32px;
    }

    .recent-news-heading {
        font-size: 28px;
    }

    .recent-news-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .news-skeleton {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 24px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .recent-news {
        padding: 32px 12px;
    }

    .recent-news-heading {
        font-size: 24px;
    }

    .content-card-body {
        padding: 16px;
    }

    .content-card-title {
        font-size: 18px;
        min-height: 50.4px;
    }

    .content-card-summary {
        font-size: 13px;
        min-height: 62.4px;
    }
}

/* Spacing after recent news */
.recent-news + .content-section {
    margin-top: 80px;
}

.recent-news + .md-main-content {
    margin-top: 60px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .recent-news + .content-section {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }

    .recent-news + .md-main-content {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Content Sections (Shared Styles)
   ============================================================================ */

.content-section {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 80px 16px;
    background-color: #ffffff;
}

.content-section:nth-child(even) {
    background-color: #fafafa;
}

.content-section-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.content-section-header {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.content-section-heading {
    font-size: 32px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0;
    line-height: 1.2;
    color: #212121;
    margin: 0;
}

.content-section-view-all {
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    color: #1976D2;
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
}

.content-section-view-all:hover {
    color: #1565C0;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.content-section-view-all::after {
    content: '→';
    font-size: 18px;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.content-section-view-all:hover::after {
    transform: translateX(4px);
}

.content-section-error {
    text-align: center;
    padding: 40px 20px;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
    font-size: 16px;
}

/* Spacing between content sections */
.content-section + .content-section {
    margin-top: 80px;
}

.content-section + .md-main-content {
    margin-top: 80px;
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .content-section {
        padding: 40px 16px;
    }

    .content-section-header {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: 16px;
        margin-bottom: 32px;
    }

    .content-section-heading {
        font-size: 28px;
    }

    .content-section + .content-section {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }

    .content-section + .md-main-content {
        margin-top: 40px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .content-section {
        padding: 32px 12px;
    }

    .content-section-heading {
        font-size: 24px;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Activities & Achievements Cards (Image + Title Overlay)
   ============================================================================ */

.activities-grid,
.achievements-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 32px;
}

.image-overlay-card {
    position: relative;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    cursor: pointer;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
}

.image-overlay-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.image-overlay-card-image-wrapper {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    overflow: hidden;
}

.image-overlay-card-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.image-overlay-card:hover .image-overlay-card-image {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.image-overlay-card-overlay {
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 50%, transparent 100%);
    padding: 24px 20px 20px;
    color: #ffffff;
}

.image-overlay-card-title {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: #ffffff;
    margin: 0;
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Sub-Institutes Cards
   ============================================================================ */

.sub-institutes-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 32px;
}

.institute-card {
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.institute-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.institute-card-image-wrapper {
    width: 100%;
    padding-top: 56.25%; /* 16:9 */
    position: relative;
    overflow: hidden;
    background-color: #e0e0e0;
}

.institute-card-image {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.institute-card:hover .institute-card-image {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

.institute-card-body {
    padding: 24px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
}

.institute-card-name {
    font-size: 22px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: #212121;
    margin: 0;
}

.institute-card-description {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.25px;
    line-height: 1.6;
    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
    margin: 0;
    display: -webkit-box;
    -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
}

/* ============================================================================
   Journal Covers Grid
   ============================================================================ */

.journal-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap: 24px;
}

.journal-cover-card {
    position: relative;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    cursor: pointer;
    aspect-ratio: 3 / 4;
}

.journal-cover-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.journal-cover-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.journal-cover-card:hover .journal-cover-image {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Heritage Image Gallery
   ============================================================================ */

.heritage-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap: 24px;
}

.heritage-image-card {
    position: relative;
    background-color: #ffffff;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow: hidden;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12),
                0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24);
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                box-shadow 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    cursor: pointer;
    aspect-ratio: 1 / 1;
}

.heritage-image-card:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16),
                0 8px 16px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.heritage-image {
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
    transition: transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.heritage-image-card:hover .heritage-image {
    transform: scale(1.05);
}

/* ============================================================================
   Loading Skeleton for Content Sections
   ============================================================================ */

.content-skeleton {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 32px;
    width: 100%;
}

.content-skeleton .skeleton-card {
    animation: skeleton-pulse 1.5s ease-in-out infinite;
}

.content-skeleton .skeleton-image {
    width: 100%;
    padding-top: 75%; /* 4:3 ratio for activities/achievements */
    background: linear-gradient(90deg, #f0f0f0 25%, #e0e0e0 50%, #f0f0f0 75%);
    background-size: 200% 100%;
    animation: skeleton-shimmer 1.5s infinite;
    border-radius: 4px;
}

.journal-grid .content-skeleton,
.heritage-grid .content-skeleton {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
    gap: 24px;
}

.journal-grid .content-skeleton .skeleton-image,
.heritage-grid .content-skeleton .skeleton-image {
    padding-top: 100%; /* 1:1 ratio for journal/heritage */
}

.sub-institutes-grid .content-skeleton .skeleton-image {
    padding-top: 56.25%; /* 16:9 ratio */
}

/* Responsive Design for Content Sections */
@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
    .activities-grid,
    .achievements-grid,
    .sub-institutes-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .journal-grid,
    .heritage-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .content-skeleton {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .journal-grid .content-skeleton,
    .heritage-grid .content-skeleton {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
        gap: 20px;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .activities-grid,
    .achievements-grid,
    .sub-institutes-grid,
    .journal-grid,
    .heritage-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .content-skeleton {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .journal-grid .content-skeleton,
    .heritage-grid .content-skeleton {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 24px;
    }
}

/* ============================================================================
   Site Footer
   ============================================================================ */

.site-footer {
    width: 100%;
    background-color: #333333;
    color: #ffffff;
    padding: 60px 20px;
    margin-top: 80px;
}

.footer-container {
    max-width: 1200px;
    margin: 0 auto;
}

.footer-content {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    gap: 40px;
    margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.footer-column {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 20px;
}

.footer-about {
    flex: 0 0 40%;
    width: 40%;
}

.footer-links {
    flex: 0 0 30%;
    width: 30%;
}

.footer-contact {
    flex: 0 0 30%;
    width: 30%;
}

.footer-heading {
    font-size: 20px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    line-height: 1.4;
    color: #ffffff;
    margin: 0 0 16px 0;
    padding-bottom: 12px;
    border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
}

.footer-logo {
    margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.footer-logo-text {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.15px;
    color: #ffffff;
    display: block;
}

.footer-description {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.25px;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    margin: 0;
}

.footer-link-list {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 12px;
}

.footer-link-list li {
    margin: 0;
}

.footer-link {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.25px;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
    display: inline-block;
}

.footer-link:hover {
    color: #ffffff;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.footer-contact-info {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 16px;
}

.footer-contact-item {
    display: flex;
    align-items: flex-start;
    gap: 12px;
}

.footer-icon {
    font-size: 20px;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    flex-shrink: 0;
    margin-top: 2px;
}

.footer-contact-item .footer-link {
    flex: 1;
    word-break: break-word;
}

.footer-address {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.25px;
    line-height: 1.7;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    flex: 1;
}

/* Footer Bottom Bar */
.footer-bottom {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    padding-top: 30px;
    border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 20px;
}

.footer-copyright {
    flex: 1;
    min-width: 200px;
}

.footer-copyright p {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 400;
    letter-spacing: 0.25px;
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);
    margin: 0;
    text-align: left;
}

.footer-social {
    display: flex;
    gap: 16px;
    align-items: center;
}

.footer-social-link {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    width: 40px;
    height: 40px;
    border-radius: 50%;
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: background-color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                color 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1),
                transform 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
}

.footer-social-link:hover {
    background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
    color: #ffffff;
    transform: translateY(-2px);
}

.footer-social-icon {
    width: 20px;
    height: 20px;
    fill: currentColor;
}

/* Responsive Design */
@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
    .footer-content {
        gap: 32px;
    }

    .footer-about {
        flex: 0 0 35%;
        width: 35%;
    }

    .footer-links {
        flex: 0 0 32.5%;
        width: 32.5%;
    }

    .footer-contact {
        flex: 0 0 32.5%;
        width: 32.5%;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 768px) {
    .site-footer {
        padding: 40px 20px;
    }

    .footer-content {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 32px;
    }

    .footer-about,
    .footer-links,
    .footer-contact {
        flex: 0 0 100%;
        width: 100%;
    }

    .footer-bottom {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
        gap: 20px;
    }

    .footer-copyright p {
        text-align: left;
    }

    .footer-social {
        align-self: flex-start;
    }
}

@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
    .site-footer {
        padding: 32px 16px;
    }

    .footer-content {
        gap: 24px;
    }

    .footer-heading {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    .footer-logo-text {
        font-size: 16px;
    }

    .footer-description,
    .footer-link,
    .footer-address {
        font-size: 13px;
    }

    .footer-bottom {
        padding-top: 24px;
    }

    .footer-copyright p {
        font-size: 12px;
    }

    .footer-social-link {
        width: 36px;
        height: 36px;
    }

    .footer-social-icon {
        width: 18px;
        height: 18px;
    }
}